ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ?
Π Π°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π³ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½.
Π‘Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ
ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π·Π±ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ 7 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ 33 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°.
ΠΠ·-Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ. Π£ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½
ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²: ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°, Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ). ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ².
Π ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ°?
ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° β ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ (Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ). ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»: ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ).
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ Β«ΠΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΒ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ β Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ. Π‘ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΊΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅?
Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΡΡΠ°)
ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ Ρ
ΡΠΆΠ΅
Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ)))
ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°Ρ,ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ) ΠΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ, ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
Π Π²Ρ ΡΡΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½.
Π Π°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ².ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ,ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΅,Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ , Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ.
Π’Π°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡ ΠΠΠΠ. Π’Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅, Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅.
ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π°Ρ. Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² Ρ 2 Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π·Ρ. Π±Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ Β«ΠΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ TFΒ» β Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ. Β«ΠΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ TFΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°. Β«ΠΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ TFΒ» ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ.
Π Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ».ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½?
Π’Π°ΠΊ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅.
ΠΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ «ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ «ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅» ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ? Π£ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ 50% Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅.
Π½Ρ Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½? ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· «ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ» ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°, Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π», ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ?
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ, ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡ Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡ Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364635/margarine
food product made principally from one or more vegetable or animal fats or oils in which is dispersed an aqueous portion containing milk products, either solid or fluid, salt, and such other ingredients as flavouring agents, yellow food pigments, emulsifiers, preservatives, vitamins A and D, and butter. It is used in cooking and as a spread. Nutritionally, margarine is primarily a source of calories.
The French chemist H. Mège-Mouriès developed margarine in the late 1860s and was given recognition in Europe and a patent in the United States in 1873. His manufacturing method was simplified in the United States into a process in which the melted fat blend was churned with milk and salt, chilled to solidify the mixture, kneaded to a plastic consistency, and packaged, all by means of the standard butter-working equipment of the time. The edible fats used have varied widely, the trend having been from the animal fats predominant in early use to the vegetable fats, principally cottonseed, soybean, coconut, peanut, and corn oils, and, more recently, palm oil. During the late 1950s an increased interest in the relation of polyunsaturated fats and oils to health hastened the shift to corn, safflower, and sunflower oils as the fat ingredients of margarine. Whale oil has been widely used in Europe but was never common in the United States.
Margarine was long subjected to severe restrictive legislation, particularly in the United States, because of the opposition of the dairy industry. But during the 1930s, margarine manufacturers learned to make margarine from domestic oils rather than the imported oils formerly used, thereby enlisting the support of U.S. cottonseed and soybean farmers. Repeal of federal and most state restrictions gradually followed, leading to the acceptance of margarine in the United States to an extent comparable with that in most European countries.
Margarine can be made from a variety of animal fats and was once predominantly manufactured from beef fat and called oleo-margarine. Unlike butter, it can be packaged into a variety of consistencies, including liquid. No matter what the form, however, margarine must meet strict government content standards because it is a food item which government analysts and nutritionists consider to be easily confused with butter. These guidelines dictate that margarine be at least 80% fat, derived from animal or vegetable oils, or sometimes a blend of the two. Around 17-18.5% of the margarine is liquid, derived from either pasteurized skim milk, water, or soybean protein fluid. A slight percentage (1-3%) is salt added for flavor, but in the interest of dietary health some margarine is made and labeled saltfree. It must contain at least 15,000 units (from the U.S. Pharmacopeia standards) of vitamin A per pound. Other ingredients may be added to preserve shelf life.
Preparation
* 1 When the ingredients arrive at the margarine manufacturing facility, they must first undergo a series of preparatory measures. The oilβsafflower, corn, or soybean, among other typesβis treated with a caustic soda solution to remove unnecessary components known as free fatty acids. The oil is then washed by mixing it with hot water, separating it, and leaving it to dry under a vacuum. Next, the oil is sometimes bleached with a mixture of bleaching earth and charcoal in another vacuum chamber. The bleaching earth and charcoal absorb any unwanted colorants, and are then filtered out from the oil. Whatever liquid is used in the manufacturing processβmilk, water, or a soy-based substanceβit too must undergo preparatory measures. It also undergoes pasteurization to remove impurities, and if dry milk powder is used, it must be checked for bacteria and other contaminants.
* 2 The oil is then hydrogenated to ensure the correct consistency for margarine production, a state referred to as «plastic» or semi-solid. In this process, hydrogen gas is added to the oil under pressurized conditions. The hydrogen particles stay with the oil, helping to increase the temperature point at which it will melt and to make the oil less susceptible to contamination through oxidation.
Combining the ingredients
The continuous-flow process is the most commonly used method in the manufacture of margarine. If milk is used as the liquid base, it is joined with salt and an emulsifying agent in a chamber. The emulsifying agent ensures that the emulsification processβchemically defined as a suspension of small globules of one liquid in a second liquidβtakes place. An emulsifier works by decreasing the surface tension between the oil globules and the liquid mixture, thereby helping them form chemical bonds more easily. The result is a substance that is neither wholly liquid nor wholly solid but rather a combination of the two called semi-solid. Lecithin, a natural fat derived from egg yolk, soybean, or corn, is one typical emulsification agent used in margarine manufacturing.
* 3 In the initial step, the liquid, salt, and lecithin are mixed together into one tank opposite another vat holding the oils and oil-soluble ingredients. In the continuous-flow process, the contents of the two vats are fed on a timed basis into a third tank, typically called the emulsification chamber. While the blending process is taking place, the equipment’s sensors and regulating devices keep the mixture’s temperature near 100Β°F (38Β°C).
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Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° Π² Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅, Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΊΡΡΠ°
Π‘Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ . ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π±Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΡΡΠ½Π΅Π΅.
ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ Π² Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π² 10 ΡΠ°Π· ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΡΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ Π±Π΅Π· Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ Π°.
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ Π±Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π½Π° 20%. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ 10 Π³ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π΅ΡΡΡ 8 Π³ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΊΡΡ.
Π’Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π² Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅
Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ.
Π‘Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ | Π‘Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ | Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ | Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ |
1 Ρ. Π». | 5 |